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Given the entire discussion above, it’s evident that extracellular vesicles can play an important role in health and disease. Let’s take a more specific look at how this is the case with a review of some recent and interesting exosome research. We’ll start with a study published in Scientific Reports, which showcases the importance of exosome-based protein biomarkers. In this...

That’s not the only way by which a biomarker, contained in exosomes, can be used to assess disease states. Other than proteins, another major component we can find in exosomes is microRNA (miRNA). A recent paper assessed exosomal miRNA biomarkers and signatures in multiple sclerosis in order to determine if they could accurately reflect a patient’s disease status. As you...

Pop open any college biology textbook from the early 1990s. Move over to the textbook’s index and search for “exosomes”. Flip to the right page. You’re sure to see that somewhere on that page is an explanation that exosomes are, in effect, cellular trash receptacles. Derided for years as nothing more than backwash no one wanted to touch, exosomes are...

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin that are between 30 to 100 nanometers in size. One key factor distinguishes exosome formation from the way by which microvesicles come into existence. The main difference is that while exosome formation is dependent upon the endosomal system, microvesicles (100-1000 nm in size) originate from the plasma membrane (Diagram 1.1). Diagram 1.1: Exosome...

At its very core, the exosome biogenesis pathway is relatively straightforward. Exosome biogenesis begins after the invagination of the cell membrane. The inward budding of the cell membrane results in the formation of early endosomes. In this pathway, the early endosomes eventually mature into late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Within the MVBs, the exosomes originate as intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) (Image 1.1...